India has been one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world and has been known for its sheer diversity in terms of minting techniques, motifs, sizes, shapes, the metals used, etc. The Coinage of India has played a very important role in the history of economic development of the country ever since its inception.
The motifs, symbols, stamp used on the Indian coins since ancient times depict a lot about the rulers and their reign. Many archaeologists and explorers have done a deep analysis of these ancient Indian coins. This study of coins is known as Numismatics. Aspirants preparing for the government and IAS Exam must go through this comprehensive material about the coinage system in the country and its evolution over the years.
Coinage of India [UPSC Notes]:-Download PDF Here
Evolution of Coin System in India
- Before the introduction of coins, buying or selling of products was done through the barter system
- Coins solved the issues associated with the barter system and precious metals were shaped, printed and stamped as a legal method for trading
- The earliest known coins of India were silver punch-marked ones, bearing a design and were circulated in the Janapadas
- With time and over the centuries, different metals were being used to make coins. Each of these would be made using different methods; shaped differently with unique marks and designs
- Since the ancient era, coins in India have depicted the kings, gods, goddesses, and other motifs while medieval ones issued by kings in North India bear inscriptions in Arabic or Persian and the ones in South India depict beautiful motifs coupled with legends
- The motifs on these coins depicted a lot about the cultural, social, architectural and economic state of the different rulers and dynasties that ruled over India
- Coinage in India evolved over the years, in terms of its shapes, sizes, value, motifs and material. Initially, valuable metals were used to make coins but in the present day, post-independence coins are made out of mixed metals (in the form of token currency)
- Interesting Facts about the Currency Symbol of India
- Types of Monetary System
- UPSC Mains History Question Paper
- History Questions with Answers for IAS Exam
- Art and Culture Previous Year Questions with Solutions
Different Eras of Coinage in India
Coins have been a very powerful medium for projecting the art of contemporary engravers to the populace in general. The motifs have varied from portraits of royalty, personalities, heroic deeds, fauna and flora motifs, to allegories, etc.
The history and evolution of coins in India have been discussed in detail below.
Ancient India Coinage of India
- The first documented coinage is deemed to start with ‘Punch Marked’ coins issued between the 7th-6th century BC and 1stcentury AD
- These coins were made out of silver and had images punched over them. The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols
- The Punch-marked coins can be further classified into four categories:
- Taxila-Gandhara type
- Kosala type
- Avanti type
- Magadhan type
- Through the excavations held at cites from the Indus Valley Civilization (Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa), seals were found. However, there was no confirmation if these seals were used as coins or not
- These silver punch-marked coins comprised a different number of elements based on their value. The image given below describes the same:
Seven Symbol | Five Symbol | Five Symbol |
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Ancient Dynastic Coins
Many dynasties ruled over India and each of them introduced their coins which depicted their culture and beliefs. These coins are generally placed between the 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD.
The table given below describes the coins of different ancient Indian dynasties:
Dynasty | Description | Coin |
Kushana Empire |
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Satavahanas |
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Western Kshatrapa |
| ![]() |
Gupta Empire |
| ![]() King as Horseman King as Lion Slayer |
South Indian Kingdoms | South Indian coin issues were confined to dynastic crests:
| ![]() Chera Dynasty Coin |
Ancient Indian History Related Links:
History Of Ancient India – NCERT Notes | Ancient History Notes For UPSC |
UPSC Prelims Previous Year Ancient History Question and Answers | Important Terms in Ancient Indian History |
Medieval India Coinage of India
Medieval India is the phase of the Indian subcontinent between the 6th century and 16th century. The table given below shows the coin system in India during the medieval age under different rulers and dynasties.
Dynasty | Description | Coin |
Delhi Sultanate |
| ![]() Coin of Nasirud-din Mahmud Coin of Ghiyasud-din Balban |
Khilji Dynasty |
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Tughlaq Dynasty |
| ![]() |
Vijayanagara Empire |
| ![]() Vijayanagar Empire Coins Pagoda, East India Company coins inspired by Vijayanagar Empire |
Medieval Indian History related links:
History Of Medieval India [NCERT Notes] | Medieval History Notes For UPSC |
Early Medieval India | UPSC Prelims Previous Year Medieval History Questions with Answers |
Pre-Colonial, Princely States and British India Coinage
The decline of the Mughal Empire in India gave birth to pre-colonial and princely state rule in the country. Given below are the aspects and features of Coinage under these states:
States | Description | Coin |
Maratha Confederacy |
| ![]() Maratha Copper coin |
Province of Awadh |
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Mysore |
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Sikh |
| – |
Hyderabad |
| ![]() Ashrafi Rupee |
Modern Indian History Related Links:
NCERT Notes: Modern Indian History | Modern History Notes For UPSC |
UPSC Prelims Previous Year Modern History Questions and Answers | Chronology of Ancient History of India to Modern History of India |
Post Independence Coinage of India
After India’s independence in 1947, India retained the monetary system and the currency and coinage of the earlier period and introduced a new distinctive series of coins on 15th August 1950.
The table given below shows the different series of coins that were introduced in India post-independence:
Coin Series | Description | Denomination |
Frozen Series |
| 1 Rupee = 16 Annas 1 Anna = 4 Pice 1 Pice = 3 Pies |
Anna Series |
| Rupee One Half Rupee Quarter Rupee Two Anna One Anna Half Anna One Pice |
Naya Paisa Series |
| Rupee One Fifty Naye Paise Twenty Five Naye Paise Ten Naye Paise Five Naye Paise Two Naye Paise One Naya Paisa |
Paisa Series |
| Fifty Paise Twenty Five Paise Ten Paise Five Paise Two Paise One Paisa |
Following this period, for many years, the denominations remained the same. However, changes were made in the metal used to create a coin. Later on, the weight of these coins was also reduced. | ||
New Denominations |
| Five Rupees Two Rupees (in two sizes) |
Nritya Mudra |
| Two Rupees Rupee One 50 Paise |
Presently, The Government of India has the sole right to mint coins in the country. It was declared after the Coinage Act, 1906 was introduced. The distribution of coins in the market is initiated with the help of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
Other related links:
First Rupee Coin Was Minted – [August 19, 1757] | Which was the first gold coin to appear in India? |
What is the main source of money supply in India? | Who supplies money in India? |
(Images and Information Source: rbi.org.in)
Coinage of India [UPSC Notes]:-Download PDF Here
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FAQs
What is the origin and history of coins in India? ›
Sometime around 600BC in the lower Ganges valley in eastern India a coin called a punchmarked Karshapana was created. According to Hardaker, T.R. the origin of Indian coins can be placed at 575 BCE and according to P.L. Gupta in the seventh century BCE, proposals for its origins range from 1000 BCE to 500 BCE.
What is the price of 100 year old coin in India? ›100 year-old coin costs Rs.
25 lakh by selling it. Here, the value of one rupee coin made in 1913 has been estimated at Rs. 25 lakh.
Chandragupta Maurya with the guidance of Acharya Chanakya succeeded in overthrowing the Nanda Empire and established the first great empire in ancient India, the Maurya Empire. Most of the Indian subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.
What is the significance of coins in Indian history? ›Solution: Coins are important primary sources of history. They convey the names of kings with their titles and portraits, events, places, dates, dynasties, achievements and logos. The composition of metals in the coins gives us information on the economic condition of the empire.
Who brought coins to India? ›The lion came to India when tiger and leopard had already settled in the sub-continent. Lion was present during the epic period (Mahabharat). Before the time of Lord Gautam Buddha in about 600 BC, the Asiatic lion roamed in over the entire Indo- Gangetic plains, extending from Sindh in the west to Bihar in the east.
How many types of coins are there in India? ›Today, circulating coins exist in denominations of One Rupee, Two Rupees, Five Rupees, Ten Rupees and Twenty Rupees.
What is the value of old 1 rupee coin in India? ›The average cost of making one rupee coin is ₹1.11.
Which Indian currency completed 100 years? ›The first one-rupee note was printed in England and issued on November 30, 1917, in India, with an image of King George V. Today, the humble one-rupee note turns 100 years in age.
Who found first gold coin in India? ›The Indo Greeks; is the correct answer as the gold coins were first issued by Indo-Greeks in India. They introduced the gold coins around 270 BC. Ruler, Antochios II was the first one to introduce the gold coins for various economic reasons.
Who is the father of modern coins in India? ›The Correct Answer is Sher Shah Suri. Sher Shah Suri, born Farid Khan, was the founder of the Suri Empire in India, with its capital in Sasaram in Bihar.
Who invented first gold coin in India? ›
Kadphises II was the Kushana emperor to first introduce gold coinage, in addition to the existing copper and silver coinage.
Which coins appeared first in India? ›- The Saka coinage of the Western Kshatrapas are perhaps the earliest dated coins, the dates being given in the Saka era which commences in AD 78.
- The Saka era represents the official calendar of the Indian Republic.
Kushan Dynasty is known for its purest gold coins. Kushans were Indo-Greek, ruled in northwest India. The Kushana Dynasty came up with a revolution in the coinage of the country. Coins of Kushans got the place among the rare coins of the world.
What is the difference between old coin and new coin? ›After independence, the Indian rupee replaced various types of coins. Today, the Indian government authorises the Indian coins, and these coins carry the seals of the Indian government. Notably, ancient coins were made out of gold, silver, and copper, whereas modern coins are made out of cupro–nickel.
Did ancient India use coins? ›The beginning of ancient Indian coinage can be traced between 1st millennium BCE to 6th Century BCE. This stage comprised of coins that were made of copper and silver. The coins found in ancient Indian history were mainly stamped bars of metal.
Who issued largest number of coins in ancient India? ›The Guptas issued the largest number of gold coins (dinaras) in ancient India; but these hardly flowed into day-to-day private economic relations. Copper and silver coins of the period are few.
What was used as money in India before the introduction of coins? ›Before the introduction of coins, a variety of objects was used as money. For example, since the very early ages, Indians used grains and cattle as money. Thereafter came the use of metallic coins gold, silver, copper coins a phase which continued well into the last century.
What is Indian coin called? ›The Indian currency is called the Indian Rupee (INR) and the coins are called paise. One Rupee consists of 100 paise.
What was the old Indian currency system? ›During British rule, and the first decade of independence, the rupee was subdivided into 16 annas. Each anna was subdivided into 4 pices. So one rupee was equal to 64 pice (paisa) and 192 pies as 1 Pice was equal to 3 pies.
Who invented the coin? ›Around the same time as the Lydians, Ancient China was also creating the first known coins. However, before these coins, sea snail shells known as cowries were being used during the Shang Dynasty. Eventually, pieces of gold were used with letters of Chinese cities on them.
How much is a India coin worth in the US? ›
1794 Flowing Hair Silver Dollar: $13,311,850
But over two centuries later, this rare coin has achieved the status as the most expensive coin in the world. The Flowing Hair Silver Dollar was the first US silver dollar coin, minted from 1794 to 1795.
Kā-cha, IAST: Kāca, c. 4th century) was a king of India, possibly a member of the Gupta dynasty. He is known only from his gold coins, which are similar to those of the Gupta king Samudragupta.
Why are old coins valuable? ›Old Coin Value
Some have value because they are old or scarce and are in remarkable condition. Some have value because they contain Silver or Gold or some other Precious Metal. Some coins have all of those attributes.
On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series. It also announced the issuance of new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes in exchange for the demonetised banknotes.
Who will buy old Indian currency? ›On internet marketplaces such as OLX, Quikr, eBay, and Coinbazaar, you can sell old coins and notes.
When was the value of rupee highest? ›Historically, the Indian Rupee reached an all time high of 83.26 in October of 2022. Indian Rupee - data, forecasts, historical chart - was last updated on June of 2023.
Which is the oldest gold coin found in India? ›4. Kanishka the Kushan. Roman denarii were the first gold coins to appear in India, which had only seen copper and silver coins so far, though of course, gold jewellery had been around for ages. Soon the Indian rulers of the day copied the idea and gold coins were minted in India for the first time.
Who invented gold? ›The first person or civilization to discover gold is the Ancient Egyptians. They mined gold in Nubia around 2450 BC. An Egyptian alchemist named Zosimos was the first to find pure gold (24 centuries before Columbus reached the Americas).
Who issued silver coins first in India? ›The minting of silver coins was first started in the reign of Chandragupta II and was continued by Kumaragupta I and Skandagupta. Along with gold and silver coins, copper coins were also issued though to a much limited extent at least in the reigns of Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta I.
Which metal was the oldest coin made of in India? ›
The earliest were made largely of silver though a few copper coins also appeared.
Which metal are Indian coins made of? ›Currently, one rupee coin is the smallest Indian coin in circulation. Since 1992, one Indian rupee coins are minted from stainless steel. Round in shape, the one rupee coins weighs 3.76 grams (58.0 grains), has a diameter of 21.93-millimetre (0.863 in) and thickness of 1.45-millimetre (0.057 in).
What does heads mean on a coin? ›We use special terms to describe these parts. Obverse (heads) is the front of the coin and the reverse (tails) is the back.
What is the origin of coinage? ›True coinage began soon after 650 bc. The 6th-century Greek poet Xenophanes, quoted by the historian Herodotus, ascribed its invention to the Lydians, “the first to strike and use coins of gold and silver.” King Croesus of Lydia (reigned c.
Who was the first ruler of India? ›Who was considered to be the first ruler of India? Ans: Chandragupta Maurya was the first ruler of India. Who was the first ruler of imperial India during the classical period? Ans: Chandragupta Maurya.
Was gold first found in India? ›In the area of the Kolar Gold Fields in Bangarpet Taluk, Kolar District of Karnataka state, India, gold was first mined prior to the 2nd and 3rd century AD by digging small pits.
Which gold coin is best in India? ›Kisna 24k (995) 2gm Yellow Gold Coin
This gold coin will surely be one of the best products for you if you are looking forward to buying a pure gold coin that is 24k gold. The 995 purity gold coin not only looks good but is also priced at a good level.
The first coin was issued by King Mahadeva of Vemakas in 200 BCE, this coin's reverse depicts elephant with the trident and praises Lord Shiva in Brahmi legend 'Bhagavata Mahadevasa Rajaraja'.
Who were the largest to issue gold coins in India? ›The Guptas issued the largest number of gold coins and hence, a lot of historians regard this period as the Golden Age of Indian history.
How do I know if a coin is valuable? ›Mintage Means Money
One quick way to determine if a coin is rare or valuable is to look at the mintage. That's the number of copies of the coin that the US mint produced (aka issued). The lower the original number of copies printed, the more valuable a coin will likely become.
What old coins will go up in value? ›
- 1804 silver quarter, bearing the same design as the Draped Bust dollar.
- 1909-S "VDB" Lincoln Wheat cent.
- 1914-D Lincoln Wheat cent.
- 1955 doubled die obverse Lincoln Wheat cent.
- 1969-S Lincoln Memorial cent.
- 1972 doubled die obverse Lincoln Memorial cent.
Cleaning old coins might seem like a good way to revitalise the appearance of a treasured item, but could in fact reduce a coin's value significantly, and should be avoided. Particularly in the case of old precious metal coins, cleaning them is most definitely not recommended!
When did coins start In India? ›The Saka coinage of the Western Kshatrapas are perhaps the earliest dated coins, the dates being given in the Saka era which commences in AD 78. The Saka era represents the official calendar of the Indian Republic.
What is the origin of coins? ›According to western history, the first coins found were in modern-day Turkey. This was known in ancient times as the Lydian Kingdom. These coins, found around 700 B.C. did not require intricate machines to be created. The coins were a naturally occurring combination of gold and silver, known as electrum.
How were coins made In ancient India? ›The beginning of ancient Indian coinage can be traced between 1st millennium BCE to 6th Century BCE. This stage comprised of coins that were made of copper and silver. The coins found in ancient Indian history were mainly stamped bars of metal.
What is the history of a coin? ›Coins were introduced as a method of payment around the 6th or 5th century BCE. The invention of coins is still shrouded in mystery: According to Herdotous (I, 94), coins were first minted by the Lydians, while Aristotle claims that the first coins were minted by Demodike of Kyrme, the wife of King Midas of Phrygia.
Who designed the first coin in India? ›a. The Indo Greeks; is the correct answer as the gold coins were first issued by Indo-Greeks in India. They introduced the gold coins around 270 BC.
What name are the oldest coins of India known? ›The First Coins
These pretty, slim discs called Karshapanas were some of the earliest coins in the Indian subcontinent, dating back from around the 6th century BC.
True coinage began soon after 650 bc. The 6th-century Greek poet Xenophanes, quoted by the historian Herodotus, ascribed its invention to the Lydians, “the first to strike and use coins of gold and silver.” King Croesus of Lydia (reigned c.
What are the 4 types of coins? ›The penny, nickel, dime, and quarter are the circulating coins that we use today.
Who is the father of coins? ›
Alexander the Great is of big importance to the history of coinage.
Which coin came first? ›The Oldest Coin in the World. Created over 2,700 years ago, but now located in the British Museum, is the Lydian Lion, the oldest coin in the world.
What was the earliest coin in India made of? ›- The first documented coinage is deemed to start with 'Punch Marked' coins issued between the 7th-6th century BC and 1stcentury AD.
- These coins were made out of silver and had images punched over them. ...
- The Punch-marked coins can be further classified into four categories:
Before the introduction of coins, a variety of objects was used as money. For example, since the very early ages, Indians used grains and cattle as money. Thereafter came the use of metallic coins gold, silver, copper coins a phase which continued well into the last century.
What is the name of the coin used in India? ›The rupee. The rupee is the official currency in India, and the Reserve Bank of India is the authority in charge of issuing currency.
What are coins made of in India? ›Since 1992, one Indian rupee coins are minted from stainless steel. Round in shape, the one rupee coins weighs 3.76 grams (58.0 grains), has a diameter of 21.93-millimetre (0.863 in) and thickness of 1.45-millimetre (0.057 in).
Who invented coins and why? ›Coinage = Money (in the Greek experience the two are equated) was invented in Greece or Asia Minor (Lydia) in the later seventh or earlier sixth century. The Greeks eagerly copied/adapted this innovation and it spread rapidly in their cities during the sixth century.
Who was the first ruler on a coin? ›Athelstan (d. 939) is the first English king to be shown on his coins wearing a crown or circlet. For many people, the king's image on coins was the only likeness of the monarch which they were likely to see in their lifetimes.